Monarchs

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, monarch of England from 1558 to 1603, monarch of Armenia from 95 BCE to 55 BCE

A monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. Monarchs almost always Inheritance their titles and are rulers for life; that is, they have no term limit. Historically monarchs have been more or less Political absolutism. Modern monarchs are often Figurehead (metaphor) who either have power, but do not exercise it personally or, have little power (Constitutional Monarchy, i.e Australia). However, there are others with substantial or absolute power. Monarchs usually represent a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, Duty, and Power (sociology). A nation ruled by a monarch is called a monarchy.

The word "monarch" derives from Greek language monos archein, meaning "one ruler," which referred to an absolute ruler in ancient Greece.With time, the word has been succeeded in this meaning by others, such as autocrat or dictator, and the word monarch in modern usage almost always refers to a traditional system of hereditary rulership, however, see the discussion on Elective monarchy below.

Exceptions to this include the French List of Co-Princes of Andorra of Andorra, who is not appointed for life (he is the French President, elected for a five year period by the France people), but generally still considered a monarch because of the use of a traditionally monarchical title. (Although, a purist might regard Andorra as a diarchy.) Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia is considered a monarch although only holding the office for five years at a time. On the other hand, several President for Life around the world have not been considered monarchs.
Most monarchs are raised within a royal family where they are taught to expect and obey their future duties, and they are, formally or informally, succeeded upon their death or abdication by members of their own family, usually their eldest child. As a result, most stable monarchies have a long legacy of rule by a single family or bloodline.
elective monarchy, such as Malaysia, are exceptions, as is the Vatican City (the Pope bears the title "Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City"). Also, the practice is not totally uncommon in systems which are not considered monarchical, such as family dictatorships. It also is arguable by this definition, that the Supreme Leader of Iran could be considered an elected absolute monarch. Historical elective monarchs include the Polish king and the Holy Roman Emperor.
Most monarchs hold titles that are traditional among monarchs (see below). While this is a fairly arbitrary characteristic, it just might be the best distinction between monarchs and non-monarchs at the moment.

European monarchical titles In Europe, a monarch traditionally may bear any of several titles. Each of these titles has a female and male version (except the pope). The female versions are used not only in the case that the monarch is female, but also for wives of monarchs (when there is need to distinguish between the two cases, terms such as Queen regnant and Queen consort may be used). The converse is not true however: the husband of a queen regnant is not automatically a king (e.g. the current Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is not King Philip of the United Kingdom although he is married to Queen Elizabeth II).

There is a misconception that female rulers are a peculiarly modern phenomenon and that this has led to more frequent use of the gender-neutral word monarch. In fact, the historical record and also known facts about many pre-historical cases show that there have been many female rulers throughout the past in a wide variety of cultures. Some pre-historical agricultural societies appear to have started with female monarchs and only later changed to succession by males. Women were monarchs, as pharaohs, among the earliest of dynasties known in Ancient Egypt, where the earliest historical records exist. Although there more male pharaohs—sometimes exclusively in some dynasties—the royal lineage was carried by the royal women.

The normal monarch title in Europe – i.e., the one used if the monarch has no higher title – is prince or Princess, by convention. Prince was a common title within the Holy Roman Empire, along with a number of higher titles listed below. Such titles were granted by the Emperor, while the titulation of rulers of sovereign states was generally left to their own discretion, most often choosing Queen or King. Such titulations could cause diplomacy problems, and especially the elevation to Empress or Emperor was seen as an offensive action. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries most small monarchies in Europe disappeared, merging to form larger entities, and so Queen has become the most common title today for female rulers and King the most common title for male rulers.

{] version!width="15%" |Male version!width="15%" ]!width="15%" |Latin!Examples]*|Pope and later Sovereign of the State of [Vatican City|[Empire, [Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Bulgaria (Tsarina, Tsar), Imperial Russia (Tsarina Tsar), Serbia (Tsarina Tsar), France, Austria, Mexican Empire, Empire of Brazil, German Empire (none left in Europe after 1918), Empress of India (ceased to be used after 1947 when India was granted independence from the British Empire)]|King|Monarchy|Rex (Regina)|Common in larger sovereign states|-|Vicereine|Viceroy Empire ([Viceroy of Peru, Viceroy of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, Viceroyalty of New Granada), Portugal Empire, (Viceroy of India, Brazil), United Kingdom Empire|-|Grand Duchess|[Grand duchy; historical: [Lithuania, Baden Germany, Grand Duchy of Finland, Grand Duchy of Tuscany et al|-|Archduchess|Archduke, [Archduchy of Austria; title used for member of the Habsburg dynasty]|Principality, Princely state, [Liechtenstein, WalesPrince of Wales is a courtesy title given to the eldest son (if there is one) of the King/Queen of Great Britain and N. Ireland - he is not a monarch in his own right; Andorra(Co-Princes). Historical: Albania, Serbia|[Duchy|[Count|Comes|Most common in the [Holy Roman Empire, translated in German as Graf; historical: County of Barcelona, Margrave of Brandenburg, Baden, numerous others]|Barony|Marquesate|Marchio|The British equivalent of marquis|-|Countess|[Earl) refer to them as pope and [Popess is used, among other things, for the second trump in the Tarot (disambiguation) deck; some European languages also have a feminine form of the word pope, such as the Italian papessa, the French papesse, and the German Päpstin

Note that some of these titles have several meanings and do not necessarily designate a monarch. A Prince may be a person of royal blood (some languages uphold this distinction, see Fürst). A Duke may be a United Kingdom Peerage. In Imperial Russia, a Grand Duke was a son or grand-son of the Tsarina or Tsar. Holders of titles in these alternative meanings did not enjoy the same status as the monarchs of the same title.

Within the Holy Roman Empire, there were even more titles that were used occasionally for monarchs although they were normally noble; Margrave, Count Palatine, and Landgraf. A monarch with such a low title still was regarded as more important than a noble Duke.

Today, there are seven kingdoms, one grand duchy, one duchy (Normandy - channel islands), one papacy, and two principalities in Europe (Liechtenstein and Monaco), excluding the peculiar case of Andorra and one "Lord of Mann"—the title for the monarch of Isle of Man.

Monarchical titles in use by non-monarchs It is not uncommon that people who are not generally seen as monarchs nevertheless use monarchical titles. There are four cases of this:

Claiming an existing title, challenging the current holder. This has been very common historically. For centuries, the British monarchy used, among his other titles, the title King of France, despite the fact that he had had no authority over French territory since the fifteenth century. Such as any one of the numerous antipopes who have claimed the Holy See.
Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy. This can be coupled with a claim that the monarchy was in fact never, or should never have been, extinct. An example of the first case is the Seborga. Examples of the second case are several List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century or otherwise pretender, e.g., Leka, Crown Prince of Albania who is styled by some as the "King of The Albanians." Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy can, however, be totally free of claims of sovereignty, for example it was customary of numerous European Monarchies to include "King of Jerusalem" in their full titles. When it comes to deposed monarchs, it is customary to continue the usage of their monarchical title (e.g., Constantine II of Greece) as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office, for the duration of their lifetime. However the title then dies with them and cannot be used by anyone else unless the crown is restored constitutionally. (Some republicans take offense at this custom, in spite of the fact that the same courtesy is often given to former republican heads of state too – a former U.S. president is usually styled "Mr. President" for the rest of his life.) Monarchs who have freely abdicated lose their right to use their former title. However where a monarch abdicated under duress (e.g., Michael I of Romania), it is customary to see the abdication as invalid and to treat them as deposed monarchs entitled to use their monarchical style for their lifetime.
Inventing a new title. This is common by founders of micronations, and also may or may not come with a claim of sovereignty. When it does, it is disregarded by state leaders. A notable example is Paddy Roy Bates, styling himself the "Prince of Sealand," but not recognized as such by any national government, thus failing at least the state (see Principality of Sealand for a fuller discussion of his claims).

Monarchical titles in the Americas The concept of monarchy existed in the Americas long before the arrival of European colonialists. Canada: History Ferguson, Will; The Lost Kingdom; Macleans, October 27, 2003 When the Europeans arrived they referred to these tracts of land within territories of different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms, and the leaders of these groups were often referred to by the Europeans as Kings, particularly hereditary leaders. The Four Indian Kings Many of the leaders were queens, but this was not understood by the Europeans, who had no knowledge of the indigenous history or languages, much less an understanding of matrilineality

Pre-colonial titles that were used included:

Cacique - Aboriginal Hispaniola and Borinquen
Tlatoani - Nahuas
Ajaw - Maya civilization
Qhapaq Inka - Inca Empire (Inca Empire)
Morubixaba - Tupi tribes
Sha-quan- King of the world used in some America Indian tribes

The first local monarch to emerge in North America after colonization was Agustín I of Mexico, who declared himself Mexican Empire in 1822. Mexico again had an emperor, Maximilian I of Mexico from 1863 to 1867. In South America, Brazil had an European royal house ruling as emperor between 1822 and 1889, under Emperors Pedro I of Brazil and Pedro II of Brazil.

These American emperors were deposed due to complex issues, including pressure from the highly republican United States, which had declared itself independent of the British monarch in 1776. The British, worried about US colonial expansion, invasion following the American Civil War, and the fact that the US had aided the Mexican republican rebels in overthrowing Maximilian I, pushed for the union of the Canadian provinces into a country in 1867. With Canadian Confederation, Canada became a self-governing nation which was considered a kingdom in its own right, The Crown in Canada though it remained subordinate to the United Kingdom; thus, Victoria of the United Kingdom was monarch of Canada, but not sovereign of it. It was not until the passing of the Statute of Westminster 1931 that Canada was considered to be under a distinct Canadian Crown, separate to that the British, and not until 1953 that the Canadian monarch, at the time Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, was Style of the Canadian Sovereign as Queen of Canada.

Between 1931 and 1983 nine other previous British colonies attained independence as kingdoms, all, including Canada, in a personal union relationship under a shared monarch. Therefore, though today there are legally ten American monarchs, one person occupies each distinct position.

{]!width="15%" |Title!width="15%" |Realm!width="15%" ]!Examples|-|Queen regnant|King|Regina, Rex|[Canada, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Saint Kitts and Nevis|[Empire, [Empire of Mexico, Sapa Inca|}

Other monarchical titles In China, "king" is the usual translation for the term wang 王, which designated the sovereign before the Qin dynasty and during the Ten Kingdoms period. During the early Han dynasty, China had a number of small kingdoms, each about the size of a county and subordinate to the Empress or Emperor of China.

When a difference exists below, male titles are placed to the left and female titles are placed to the right of the slash.

By region

Africa

tribal chief - Leader of a people
Negus - Ethiopia
Tutsi Mwami - Kings of Rwanda and Burundi
Oba (king) - Yoruba people of Nigeria
Igbo people - Igbo people of Nigeria
Kabaka - Baganda people of Buganda in Uganda
Almamy - Fulani people of west Africa
Omukama - Bunyoro, title of some kings in Uganda
Asantehene - Ashanti, title of the King of the Ashanti People in Ghana

Asia

Emperor of Japan is now the only monarchy to still use the title of Emperor
Arasan/Arasi - Sri Lanka
Druk Gyalpo — hereditary title given to the king of Bhutan
Chakrawarti Raja - India Sri Lanka
Chogyal — "Divine Ruler" — ruled Sikkim until 1975
Engku or Ungku - Malaysia, to denote particular family lineage akin to royalty
Qaghan - Central Asian Tribes
List of Korean monarchs - States that unified Korea
List of Korean monarchs - States of Korea that do not have control over all of Korea
Emperor of China - Imperial China (Emperor)
Rulers of Surakarta - the Indonesian princely state of Surakarta until its abolition
Sultan - Aceh, Brunei Darussalam, Java, Oman, Malaysia, Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states
Maha Raja - India Sri Lanka
Meurah - Aceh before Islam
Yang di-Pertuan Agong - Monarch of Malaysia, elected each five years among the reigning Sultan of each Malaysian state
Sumeramikoto, Okimi - Japan, king
Emperor of Japan - Japan
Shogun - Japanese military dictator, always a Samurai
Saopha - Shan, king of Shan, today as a part of Myanmar
Syed or Shariffah - Malaysia, descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad; Syed/Sharifah in Perlis if suffixed by the royal clan name, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess
Wang (King) - pre-Imperial China
Emperor of China
Patabendige - Sub- king Sri lanka
Phrabat Somdej Phrachaoyuhua - King of Thailand (Siam), the title literally means "The Greatest Lord whose feet are on the heads (of his subjects)"
Racha - Thailand same meaning as Raja
Datu - pre-colonial Philippines
Raja - pre-colonial Philippines
Raja - Malaysia, Raja denotes royalty in Perak and certain Selangor royal family lineages, is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess
Tengku - Malaysia, Tengku (also spelled Tunku in Johor, Negeri Sembilan and Kedah is roughly equivalent to Prince or Princess

Europe

Arqa/Thagavor - Armenian King
Germanic king
Βασιλιάς - Greek King
Despot - Serbia (originating from Byzantium)
Vezér - Ancient Hungarian
Fejedelem - Ancient/Medieval Hungarian
Voivode (Serbian)/Voivode (Hungarian) - Serbian/Hungarian/Romany Title
Domn (in Romanian)/Gospodar (in Old Slavonian) - Medieval Romania (Moldova, Wallachia)
Rí, Rúirí, Rí Rúireach and Ard Rí - King, local overking, regional King, and High King in pre-Norman Ireland
Kniaz'/Knyaginya/Knez/Knjeginja (generally translated as "prince") - Kievan Rus'/Serbia
Kralj- Croatia, Serbia
Kaiser - Imperial Germany
Tsar/Tsaritsa - Bulgaria, Imperial Russia, Serbia
Kunigaikshtis (Kunigaikštis) - Lithuanian, duke as in Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Župan sometimes Veliki Župan (Grand Župan) - Serbia, Croatia

India

Samrat, Chakravarti - Indian Emperor (Gupta, Maurya era)
Raja - Indian King
Rani - Indian Queen
Prajapati - Indian King, protector of the masses
Maharaja - Great King
Maharani - Great Queen
Nair- Chieftain title
Eshman - Chieftain title used to address Unnithans and Nambiars in Kerala
Badshah - Indian Emperor (Mughal period)
Begum - Queen (Mughal period)
Sultana - Muslim Queen
Nawab, Wali - Muslim rulers of principalities or princes under Mughal (Mogul) or British Indian Empires
Nizam - Muslim rulers, especially Hyderabad state, India
Swargadeo - Ahom Kings of Assam or Asom
Thampuran - King, Kerala. Female: Thampurati

Middle East & North Africa

Bey - Tunisian ruler
Caliph - Islamic holy title, supreme leader or vicar of prophet
Emir - Arabic holy title, Prince (Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Qatar)
Ikhshid - Arabic Title for Ikhshid Dynasty in Egypt and the Near East
Khan - Mongol Emperor or Turkish, Afghan, Pashtun or other Central Asian chieftain
Malik/Malika - Arabic King (Jordan, Morocco, Libya)
Mirza - Title of Persian, North African, or Turkish rulers, later adopted through Persian influence in the mughal empire
Melekh/Malkah - Jewish kings of the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Judah and Kingdom of Israel
Padishah - Persia, Ottoman Empire, Moghuls, emperor, highest monarch
Pharaoh - ancient Egypt
Shah - Persian/Iranian and Afghanistan King
Shahenshah - Persian/Iranian "King of Kings" or Emperor
Shaikh - Arabic leader, Prince
Sultan/Sultana (title) - Arabic King (Oman and Ottoman Empire)

Oceania

tribal chief - Leader of a "primitive" people
Tui or tui - there were/are also kings in Oceania (i.e. Tonga, Wallis and Futuna, Nauru)
'eiki, matai, ali'i, tūlafale, tavana, ariki - Chief statuses in various Polynesian countries

General monarch titles

Autocrat - General term for absolute monarch
Emperor/Empress - Empire
Grand Duke/Grand Duchess - Grand Duchy
King/Queen regnant - Kingdom
Prince/Princess - Sovereign Principality
Sovereign Duke/Count/Baron - Sovereign Duchy/County/Barony - (Grand)Children have the title Princely-{title}, like Princely-Lord

Succession Succession from one monarch to another varies from country to country. Traditionally, hereditary succession within members of one family has been most common. The usual hereditary succession is based on some cognatic principles and on seniority, though sometimes merit has played a part. Thus, the most common hereditary system in feudal Europe was based on cognatic primogeniture, where a lord was succeeded by his eldest son, and failing sons, by either daughters or by sons of daughters. The system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to merits and capability. The Quasi-Salic succession provided firstly for male members of the family to succeed, and secondarily males descended from female lines. In most feudal fiefs, females (such as daughters and sisters) were allowed to succeed, should the male line fail, but usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord and most often also received the title, jure uxoris. Great Britain and Spain today continue this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture. In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity of blood and primogeniture battled, and outcomes could have been idiosyncratic.

As the average life span among the nobility increased (thanks to lords limiting their personal participation in dangerous battles, and generally improved sustenance and living conditions among the wealthy), an eldest son was more likely to reach majority age before the death of his father, and primogeniture became increasingly favoured over proximity, tanistry, seniority and election.

Later, when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed, agnatic primogeniture (practically the same as Salic Law) became more usual: the succession would go to the eldest son of the monarch, or, if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the nearest male relative through the male line, to the total exclusion of females.

In some countries however, inheritance through the female line was never wholly abandoned, so that if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the eldest daughter and to her posterity. (This, cognatic primogeniture, was the rule that let Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom become Queen.)

In 1980, Sweden became the first monarchy to declare equal primogeniture or full cognatic primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. SOU 1977:5 Kvinnlig tronföljd, p.16. Other kingdoms (the Netherlands in 1983, Norway in 1990, and Belgium in 1991) have since followed suit.

In some monarchies, such as Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority). In some other monarchies (e.g. Jordan), the monarch chooses who will be his successor, who need not necessarily be his eldest son.

Current monarchs NOTE: The table comprises all sovereign monarchs of the world today, but is 'severely incomplete with regard to the non-sovereign monarchs.

{| cellpadding="2"!width="24%" |Name!width="4%" |Born!width="23%" |Title!width="4%" |Since!width="12%" |Royal House!width="15%" |Succession!width="13%" |Heir|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Bhumibol Adulyadej] of Thailand]||Maha Vajiralongkorn|1926|Queen of [Antigua and Barbuda
Queen of Australia of Australia
Queen of the Bahamas
Queen of Barbados
Queen of Belize
Queen of Canada of Canada
Queen of Grenada
Queen of Jamaica
Monarchy in New Zealand of New Zealand
Queen of Papua New Guinea
Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Queen of Saint Lucia
Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Queen of the Solomon Islands
Queen of Tuvalu
British monarchy of the United Kingdom|[Succession to the British Throne|Charles, Prince of Wales|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Hassanal Bolkiah] of Brunei]|Line of succession to the Bruneian Throne|Al-Muhtadee Billah|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Goodwill Zwelethini kaBhekuzulu|1948|King of the Zulus (in South Africa)]|1940|Sultan of Oman]||- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Margrethe II of Denmark|1940|List of Danish monarchs of Denmark]|List of Succession to the Danish Throne|Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|1946|Monarch of Sweden of Sweden]|King of Sweden|Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Sultan Ahmad Shah|1930|Sultan of Pahang (in Malaysia)]|1949|Emir of Fujairah (one of the United Arab Emirates)]|1938|King of Spain of Spain|[List of Succession to the Spanish Throne|Felipe, Prince of Asturias|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Sultan Ismail Petra of Kelantan||Sultan of Kelantan (in Malaysia)]|1938|Dutch monarchy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands]|Line of succession to the Dutch Throne|Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Alhaji Muhammadu Kabir Usman] (in Nigeria)]|1930|Emir of Umm al-Qaiwain (one of the United Arab Emirates)]|1932|Sultan of Johor (in Malaysia)]|1931|Emir of Ajman (one of the United Arab Emirates)]|1968|List of Kings of Swaziland of Swaziland]|1939|Emir of Sharjah (one of the United Arab Emirates)]|1929|Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|1988||Election by a council||- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein|1945|List of Princes of Liechtenstein of Liechtenstein]|Line of succession to the Liechtensteinian Throne|Prince Alois of Liechtenstein|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Akihito] of Japan]|Naruhito|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Harald V of Norway|1937|List of Norwegian monarchs of Norway]|Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne|Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda|1955|King of Buganda (in Uganda)]|1934|List of Belgian monarchs of the Belgium|1993|House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|List of Succession to the Belgian Throne|Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Solomon Gafabusa Iguru] (in Uganda)]|1950|Emir of Qatar|[Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani]|1963|List of Kings of Lesotho of Lesotho]||- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Abdullah II of Jordan|1962|List of Kings of Jordan of Jordan]|Choice by predecessor|Prince Hussein bin Al Abdullah II|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Mohammed VI of Morocco|1963|King of Morocco of Morocco]|Line of succession to the Moroccan Throne|Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin] of Perlis (in Malaysia)]|1955|Grand Duke of Luxembourg of Luxembourg]|Line of succession to the Luxembourgish throne|Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Sultan Sharafuddin||Sultan of Selangor (in Malaysia)]|1947|Kings of Nepal of Nepal]|Line of succession to the Nepalese Throne|Paras of Nepal|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah] of Bahrain]|Line of succession to the Bahraini Throne|Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Soane Patita Maituku] of Alo (Wallis and Futuna) (in Wallis and Futuna, a French territory in the Pacific Ocean)]|1949|Episcopal List of Co-Princes of Andorra of Andorra]||Tu'i#Wallis and Futuna of Sigave (in Wallis and Futuna)]|1953|King of Cambodia of Cambodia]||- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan], List of rulers of separate Emirates of the United Arab Emirates of United Arab Emirates]|1958|List of the Princes of Monaco of Monaco]|Line of succession to the Monegasque Throne|Caroline, Princess of Hanover|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Benedict XVI] of the Catholic Church (Sovereign of the State of Vatican City)]|Papal election upon death|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|1924|List of kings of Saudi Arabia of Saudi Arabia]|Line of succession to the Saudi Arabian Throne|Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum] (one of the United Arab Emirates)]|1929|List of emirs of Kuwait of Kuwait]|Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD|George Tupou V] of Tonga]|'Aho'eitu 'Unuaki'otonga Tuku'aho|1980|[Kings of Bhutan of Bhutan]|Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck|rowspan=2 |1962|[Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia of Malaysia)]||- bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Sultan of Terengganu (in Malaysia)]|1955|French List of Co-Princes of Andorra of Andorra] people (term ends in 2012)||}

Etymology The word king cames from the Old English cyning; cyn- people, ing -son of. The Anglo-Saxon king was elected from people, he was therefore, the king of the people. He was the chosen of the people, the child, not the father. It is possible that cyning came from the cynetes that named the River Kennet and constructed Stonehendge.

See also

List of monarchs by country
List of living former sovereign monarchs
Archontology

References

External links

A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles
Regnal Chronologies King lists worldwide
Archontology

The Monarchs Chatzone
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The Unofficial London Monarchs Web Site
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English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of ...
Illustrated biographies of the kings and queens of England from Saxon to the House of Windsor.

The Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII 1485 - 1509

Medieval Monarchs
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English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England
A list of all the kings and queens of England from the Anglo-Saxon period to the present. Part of the English History guide at Britain Express.

Welcome to the home of Monarchs Hockey Club
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